Yggdrasil

git log --graph from you to the last universal common ancestor. Every edge cites its evidence; the slider replays what was believed in any year since 1859, reverts included.

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2024 LUCA at 4.2 Gya; a single Neanderthal pulse at ~47 kya. Gene families duplicated before LUCA give a molecular-clock age of ~4.2 Gya, several hundred million years older than the older consensus. Ancient and modern genomes date the Neanderthal gene flow into non-Africans to a single extended period around 47 kya.

descent introgression endosymbiosis locus tag extinct tip↑ ↓ walk · click a row to inspect
  • nowyouHEAD → you
  • nowa chimpanzeeHEADtag: Pan troglodytes
  • nowa chickenHEADtag: Gallus gallus
  • nowa zebrafishHEADtag: Danio rerio
  • nowan octopusHEADtag: Octopus vulgaris
  • nowa fruit flyHEADtag: Drosophila melanogaster
  • nowa spongeHEADtag: Amphimedon queenslandica
  • nowa mushroomHEADtag: Agaricus bisporus
  • nowan oakHEADtag: Quercus robur
  • nowliving cyanobacteriaHEADtag: Cyanobacteria
  • nowliving alphaproteobacteriaHEADtag: Alphaproteobacteria
  • nowliving Heimdallarchaeia and other Asgard archaeaHEADtag: Asgard group
  • 1.2 kyayour pedigree, ~40 generations
  • 3.5 kyamost recent common ancestor of every living humaninferred
  • 7 kyaidentical-ancestors point
  • 40 kyaHomo neanderthalensistag: Homo neanderthalensisextinct
  • 45 kyaancestors of Papuans & Aboriginal Australiansmerge ← Denisovans ~4%
  • 47 kyanon-African ancestorsmerge ← Homo neanderthalensis ~2%revised 2024
  • 50 kyasub-Saharan African lineages
  • 50 kyaDenisovanstag: Homo sp. Altaiextinct
  • 60 kyaout-of-Africa population
  • 157 kyamtDNA root (mitochondrial Eve)locus tag
  • 254 kyaY-chromosome root (A00)locus tag
  • 315 kyaHomo sapienstag: Homo sapiens
  • 430 kyaancestor of Neanderthals + Denisovansinferred
  • undatedEoanthropus dawsoni (Piltdown Man)tag: Eoanthropus dawsonireverted 1953
  • 650 kyaancestor of sapiens + Neanderthals + Denisovanscontestedinferred
  • 1.81 MyaHomo erectustag: Homo erectus
  • 2 Myachromosome-2 fusionlocus tag
  • 2.8 Myagenus Homotag: Homo
  • 3.2 MyaAustralopithecus afarensis ('Lucy') and africanustag: Australopithecus afarensisextinctcontested
  • 6.4 Myaancestor of humans + chimpanzees + bonoboscontestedinferred
  • 9 MyaHomininae (humans + African apes)tag: Homininae
  • 16 MyaHominidae (great apes)tag: Hominidae
  • 28 MyaCatarrhini (apes + Old World monkeys)tag: Catarrhini
  • 74 MyaPrimatestag: Primates
  • 180 MyaMammaliatag: Mammalia
  • 320 MyaAmniotatag: Amniota
  • 352 MyaTetrapoda (land vertebrates)tag: Tetrapoda
  • 435 MyaOsteichthyes (bony fishes, tetrapods included)tag: Osteichthyes
  • 560 MyaVertebratatag: Vertebrata
  • 640 MyaBilateriatag: Bilateria
  • 750 MyaMetazoa (animals)tag: Metazoa
  • 1.1 GyaOpisthokonta (animals + fungi)tag: Opisthokonta
  • undatedArchaeplastida (plants, red and green algae)tag: Archaeplastidamerge ← an early-branching freshwater cyanobacterium, ancestor of chloroplasts
  • undatedan early-branching freshwater cyanobacterium, ancestor of chloroplastsinferred
  • 1.8 GyaLECA, the last eukaryotic common ancestormerge ← α-proteobacterial ancestor of mitochondriainferred
  • 1.9 Gyaα-proteobacterial ancestor of mitochondriainferred
  • 2 GyaHeimdallarchaeia (Hodarchaeales) host lineageinferred
  • undatedthe bacterial common ancestorinferred
  • 4.2 GyaLUCA, the last universal common ancestorinferredrevised 2024